註 解
第一章
1. 無上師電視台「氣候變遷公益廣告：VIPs談氣候變遷」
SupremeMasterTV.com/bbs/tb.php/sos_video/17.
2. 此處是指2006年亨寧．史坦菲（Henning Steinfeld）等合著的報告《畜牧業的巨大陰影：環境問題與選擇》，由聯合國糧農組織出版。
3. 羅伯特．古德蘭（Robert Goodland）和傑夫．安亨（Jeff Anhang）發現：畜牧養殖業每年排放325.64億噸的二氧化碳，佔全球溫室氣體總排放量的51%。“Livestock and Climate Change,＂World Watch Magazine, 2009.11 12, 10-19. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6294.
4. 同上註，第11頁。
5. 這是因為把穀物餵給動物吃，人類再吃動物，喪失了90%穀物原有的能量。
6. 同註1。
7. Lucas Reijnders and Sam Soret, “Quantification of the Environmental Impact of Different Dietary Protein Choices,＂ The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 (2003), 664S-668S. http://www.ajcn.org/content/78/3/664S.full.
8. World Food Organization, “Hunger Stats,＂
http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats.
9. UNEP, Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production. June, 2010.
http://www.unep.fr/scp/publications/details.asp?id=DTI/1262/PA.
10. 同註3，第15頁。
11. Elke Stehfest et.al., “Climate benefits of changing diet.＂ Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency,
http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2009/Climate-benefits-of-changing-diet.html.
12. 2008年5月斯德哥爾摩國際水資源研究所（SIWI）和國際水管理研究所（IWMI ）的研究《省水：從農地到餐桌》指出70％的淨水是餵給牲畜喝的。http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Policy_Briefs/PB_From_Filed_to_Fork_2008.pdf.
印尼國際林業研究中心指出，巴西境內被砍伐的亞馬遜雨林，有60%至70%是用來作為養牛場。 見國際林業研究中心, “The Impact of the Growing Demand for Beef on the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil,＂April 2, 2004, http://www.mongabay.com/external/brazil_beef_amazon.htm. 亦見Cees de Haan et al., Livestock and the Environment: Finding a Balance, Chapter 2. http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/lead/toolbox/FAO/Main1/index.htm.
13. 專欄作家喬治．蒙貝爾特（George Monbiot）在2008年4月15日刊載於衛報（The Guardian）的文章中引用聯合國糧農組織的統計指出：「今年有1億噸的食物將被轉換成車子的燃料，有7.6億噸原可以作為人類的食物，將被用於餵養動物。這些數量是全球糧食短缺的14倍。如果您關心飢荒，請少吃肉。」http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/apr/15/food.biofuels?INTCMP=SRCH.
14. 2009年2月荷蘭環境評估研究院（PBL, The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency）發表一份新報告，其中包括對荷蘭和國際政策在環境永續性方面的建議。報告指出，在對抗暖化上，如果全球的人少吃肉，可以節省20兆美元，即預估所需費用40兆美元的一半。如果在2050年之前，全球都改採無動物成分的純素飲食，將可節省高達80%的經費。參見Elke Stehfest et al., “Climate benefits of changing diet＂, Climatic Change 95 (2009): 83–102,
http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2009/Climatebenefits-of-changing-diet.html. 及無上師電視台專訪荷蘭環境評估委員會 「氣候、空氣及能源研究部門」主任羅浩斯（Joop OudeLohuis）博士，談「全球改採有機純素飲食可以降低80%遏止氣候變遷費用: PBL研究」。
http://suprememastertv.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=sos_video&wr_id=95.
15. 同上註。
第二章
16. 美國航太總署（NASA）氣候科學家齊瓦利（Jay Zwally）指出全球暖化情況緊迫：「在2012年夏末，北極海可能出現幾乎無冰的情況，比之前預測的提早很多。」
“Arctic Ice could be gone in five years.＂ Telegraph, December 12, 2007.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3318239/Arcticice-couldbe-gone-in-five-years.html.
17. 美國國家冰雪數據中心的科學家發現，2009年2月底，北極海冰只有不到10％的面積覆蓋著兩年厚的冰。“Arctic sea ice younger, thinner as melt season begins,＂ in Arctic Ice News and Analysis, April 6, 2009,
http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2009/040609.html.
18. 國家冰雪數據中心主任馬克．瑟瑞茲（Mark Serreze）博士說：「情況可能會急速惡化而通過臨界點。我們正接近臨界點，我們正眼看著它發生。」
引用自 R. Black,“Arctic Ice is ‘at a tipping point.’＂BBC News, August
28, 2008,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7585645.stm
美國國家冰雪數據中心也指出：「北極海冰覆蓋面積通常在9月中旬達到每年的最低點。根據衛星資料，2008年9月時，海冰覆蓋面積是2007以年來第二少的。2010年9月3日，海冰覆蓋面積降到2009年以來季節性的最低點，成為有衛星紀錄史上第三低的。西北通道和北海航線大部分都沒有海冰，使周遊北極海變得可行。」
“Updated minimum Arctic sea ice extent,＂September 27, 2010,
http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2010/092710.html.
19. Jonathan L. Bamber, “Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet,＂Science 324 （May 2009） : 901-903. [DOI: 10.1126/ science.1169335]. 線上摘要請參見 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/324/5929/901.short.
20. 美國地質調查局（U.S. Geological Survey）,“The Water Cycle: Water Storage in Ice and Snow.＂
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleice.html.
21. The International Organization for Migration,“Migration, Climate Change, and Environmental Degradation: A Complex Nexus.＂
http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/complex-nexus.
22. 第三屆氣候變化綱要公約（UNFCCC）締約國會議於日本京都舉行。馬爾地夫代表加堯姆（H.E. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom）呼籲世界領 袖正視氣候變遷：「馬爾地夫是最小的國家之一，我們對世界的影響力或許不大，但是你們在此所決定要做或不做的事，對我國人民的命運有很大的影響，同時也會改變世界歷史。」
23. “Methane Bubbling From Arctic Lakes, Now And At End Of Last Ice Age,＂ Science Daily, October 26, 2007,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071025174618.htm.
亦可查閱 “Scientists Find Increased Methane Levels in Arctic Ocean,＂ Science Daily, December 18, 2008,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081217203407.htm.
近期發表的幾份報告中，科學家記錄了大量甲烷從俄國西伯利亞東部和挪威史比茲伯根島的海床中冒出。案例請查閱Judith Burns, “Methane seeps from Arctic sea-bed,＂ BBC News, August 19, 2009,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8205864.stm,
以及Steve Connor, “Exclusive: The Methane Time Bomb,＂ The Independent, September 23, 2009,
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exclusive-themethane-timebomb-938932.html.
24. John Atcheson, “Ticking Time Bomb,＂ Baltimore Sun, December 15, 2004, http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1215-24.htm.
25. 美國西北大學格雷戈里．瑞斯金（Gregory Ryskin）博士的研究指出2億5千萬年前，海裡甲烷爆炸，導致90%的海洋物種和75%的陸上物種滅絕。他說：「如果這曾經發生過一次，就可能再度發生。」http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/methaneGeology.pdf.
26. 例如，無上師電視台訪問印度冰川學家傑格迪什．巴哈杜爾（Jagdish Bahadur）博士，討論冰川消退和洪水、乾旱等災害的關係時，他說：「喜馬拉雅山的冰川和地球上其他地方一樣，因為全球暖化而處於消退狀態。若繼續以現在的速度融解，將導致大規模的洪水氾濫。冰川退縮會立即釋放更多水，嚴重的乾旱將接踵而至。」
無上師電視台，“The Himalayan Glaciers are Disappearing＂,
March 25, 2009.
http://suprememastertv.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=sos_video&wr_id=83&goto_url
27. 美國環保署（USEPA）,“Climate Change-Health and Environmental Effect: Extreme Events,＂
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/extreme.html.
28. Anne Minard, “No More Glaciers in Glacier National Park by 2020?＂ National Geographic News, March 2, 2009,
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090302-glaciersmelting.html.
29. University of Colorado at Boulder press release, “Western Water Supplies Threatened by Climate Change: Warming climate could deplete reservoir storage in the Colorado River Basin by mid-century,＂July 2009
http://geology.com/press-release/colorado-river-water-supply/.
30. “Loss of Andes Glaciers Threatens Water Supply,＂ Tehran Times,
November 28, 2007, http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=158041.
31. Pew Oceans Commission, America’s Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change: a Report to the Nation (2003),
http://www.pewtrusts.org/our_work_report_detail.aspx?id=30009.
32. Robert J. Diaz, and Rutger Rosenberg, “Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems,＂ Science 321 (2008), 926-929. http://www.precaution.org/lib/marine_dead_zones_growing.080815.pdf.
33. “Big Fish Stocks Fall 90 Percent Since 1950, Study Says,＂ National Geographic News, May 15, 2003.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0515_030515_fishdecline.html
34. “Oceans´ Fish Could Disappear by 2050,＂ Discovery News, May 17, 2010,
http://news.discovery.com/earth/oceans-fish-fishing-industry.html.
35. Robert McClure報導 “Dead Orca is a ｀Red Alert,＂ Seattle PostIntelligencer, May 7, 2002,
http://www.seattlepi.com/local/69418_whale07.shtml.
36. 例如，2009年2月7日澳洲維多利亞州的黑色星期六森林大火，造成該國森林大火死亡人數最高紀錄：173人死亡，414人受傷。
http://www.abc.net.au/innovation/blacksaturday/#/stories/mosaic.
37. The World Bank, Republic of Peru Environmental Sustainability: A Key to Poverty Reduction in Peru June 01, 2007.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPERUINSPANISH/Resources/PERU_CEA_Full_Report_eng.pdf. Also see the World Bank, “Climate Change Aspects in Agriculture: Peru Country Note”, January 2009, p. 3.
38. “Children Die in Harsh Peru Winter＂, BBC News, July 12, 2009,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8146995.stm.
39. 同註27。
40. “Thirty-Eight Percent of World´s Surface in Danger of Desertification＂ Science Daily, February 10, 2010,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100209183133.htm.
41. “Drought causes water shortage for five-million people in China,＂
Earth Times, August 23, 2009,
http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/282501,drought-causes-water-shortage-for-5-million-people-in-china.html.
42. “Australia Wildfire Death Toll Reaches 200,＂ CBC News, February 17, 2009,
http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2009/02/17/australia-wildfires.html.
43. 出自加州大學聖塔克魯茲分校環境教育博士生麗莎‧艾爾吉（Lisa M. Algee）的教學計畫「何謂伐林？」
http://kids.mongabay.com/lesson_plans/lisa_algee/deforestation.html.
44. World Wildlife Foundation, “Deforestation,＂
http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_forests/deforestation.
45. Yacov Tsur et al., Pricing Irrigation Water: Principles and Cases from Developing Countries, Washington: Resource for the Future, 2004, 220.
46. “Argentina has lost nearly 70% of its forests in a century,＂
France 24, October 1, 2009,
http://www.france24.com/en/20090926-argentina-has-lost-nearly-70-its-forests-century-.
47. Rhett A. Butler, “98% of Orangutan Habitat Gone in the next 15 Years,＂ Mongabay.com, June 11, 2007,
http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0611-indonesia.html.
另UNEP, “The Last Stand of the Orangutan＂,
http://www.unep.org/grasp/docs/2007Jan-LastStand-of-Orangutan-report.pdf.
48. 本書稍後會有更多關於黑碳的討論。此處是指美國航太總署戈達德太空研究所與哥倫比亞大學的辛戴爾（Drew Shindell）及法路維吉（Greg Faluvegi）發現，50%的北極海冰融化是黑碳造成的，黑碳的暖化效能僅次於甲烷和二氧化碳。Drew Shindell and Greg Faluvegi,“Climate response to regional radiative forcing during the twentieth century.＂Nature Geoscience 2 (April 2009), 294–300. 線上摘要請參見 http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v2/n4/abs/ngeo473.html. 同樣的，德國萊布尼茲海洋科學研究中心氣候研究員金利塞德指出，沉積於南北極雪冰表面上的黑碳，會吸收更多太陽熱能。
Noel Keenlyside, “Atmospheric science: Clean air policy and Arctic warming＂ Nature Geoscience 2 (2009): 243-244. 線上摘要請參見
http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v2/n4/full/ngeo486.html.
49. Julia Whitty, “Animal Extinction: A Great Threat to Mankind.＂ The Independent, April 30, 2007.
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/animal-extinction--the-greatest-threat-to-mankind-397939.html.
50. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Fourth Assessment Report: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, 2007, 212. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessmentreport/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf.
51. 全球人道論壇，“Climate Change The Human Impact Report: The Anatomy of a Silent Crisis＂,
http://www.eird.org/publicaciones/humanimpactreport.pdf.
52. Kevin Watkins et al., Human Development Report 2006: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis, United Nations Development Programme, 2006.
http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006.
53. FAO, “1.02 Billion People Hungry –One Sixth of Humanity undernourished –More than ever Before,＂ FAO Media Center, June 19, 2009.
http://www.fao.org/news/story/0/item/20568/icode/en.
54. Megan Rowling, “Climate Change Causes 315,000 deaths a year-report,＂ Reuters, May 29, 2009,
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLS1002309.
55. 同上註。
56. “Peru Health Ministry warns of possible dengue fever in Lima, insists on prevention,＂ Andean Air Mail and Peruvian Times, March 2, 2009,
http://www.peruviantimes.com/peru-health-ministry-warns-of-possibledengue-fever-in-lima-insists-on-prevention/021936.
57. 一般認為全球暖化導致更頻繁的水災和旱災，使傳染病擴散到原本沒有防備的區域。例如，《華盛頓郵報》有篇報導指出，瘧疾向高海拔擴散，在非洲和拉丁美洲高海拔區肆虐。霍亂在較暖海域擴張版圖，登革熱與萊姆病也正在北移。美洲大陸前所未見的西尼羅河病毒在7年前登陸後，美國和加拿大共有逾21,000人感染，造成800多人死亡。世界衛生組織已確認，過去30年來出現的新型疾病和死灰復燃的疾病已逾30種。一些專家表示，這是自工業革命以來，人口大量集中城市後，首次看到疾病爆炸性的成長。 Doug Struck, “Climate Change Drives Disease To New Territory,＂ The Washington Post, May 5, 2006.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/04/AR2006050401931.html. 亦見
Alyshah Hasham, “Climate change spreads infectious diseases worldwide,” International News Services, http://www.internationalnewsservices.com/articles/1-latest-news/17833-climate-change-spreads-infectious-diseases-worldwide.
58. “Scientists: ｀Arctic is Screaming´: Global Warming May Have Passed Tipping Point,＂ Fox News, December 12, 2007.
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,316501,00.html.
59. FAO, “Livestock a major threat to environment: Remedies urgently needed.＂ FAO Newsroom, November 29, 2006.
http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html.
60. Peter Fricker, “Care about the environment? Eat less meat,＂ Global and Mail, Jan. 23, 2008.
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/article661961.ece.
61. Jerry Mayer and John P. Holms eds., Bite-size Einstein: Quotations on Just About Everything from the Greatest Mind of the Twentieth Century. St. Martin´s Press, New York, 1996, p. 10.
第三章
62. IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report (2007), p. 212.
63. Kirk Smith, “Methane Controls Before Risky Geo-engineering, Please,＂ New Scientist 2714 (June 25, 2009). http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Contenu/Points-de-vues/Methane-controls-before-risky-geoengineering-please/(theme)/268.
64. 同註4。
65. 美國加州大學柏克萊分校地球與行星科學系教授威廉‧柯林斯（William Collins），早就指出甲烷會引發氣候遽變：「鎖在水冰晶體裡的甲烷氣體分子，其密度之高，到融冰時，體積會膨脹到其冰態體積的164倍之大，而其暖化威力比溫室氣體二氧化碳強72倍。」
Peter Preuss, “Impacts: On the Threshold of Abrupt Climate Change.＂ Berkeley Lab News Letter, September 17, 2008,
http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Contenu/Points-de-vues/Methane-controls-before-risky-geoengineering-please/(theme)/268.
66. 深海釋放甲烷的更多詳情，Cornelia Dean, “Study Says Undersea Release of Methane Is Under Way＂, New York Times, March 4, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/05/science/earth/05methane.html,
以及Michael Fitzpatric,“Methane release looks stronger＂, BBC News, January 6, 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8437703.stm.
北極湖泊區釋放甲烷的更多詳情，K. M. Walter et al., “Methane production and bubble emissions from arctic lakes: Isotopic implications for source pathways and ages,＂ Journal of Geophysical Research 113, G00A08, doi: 10.1029/2007JG000569 (2008),
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2008_Walter001.pdf
以及 K. M. Walter et al., “Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming＂, Nature 443 (2006), 71-75.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7107/abs/nature05040.html.
67. Katey Walter,“Siberian Lakes Burp Time-Bomb Greenhouse Gas,＂ Science Daily, September 8, 2006.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/09/060908094051.htm.
68. Peter Ward, “Impact From the Deep,＂ Scientific American, September 18, 2006. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=impact-from-the-deep&sc=I100322
亦可見無上師電視台專訪彼得．華德博士「從歷史中學習：彼得華德博士談大滅絕與全球暖化」September 23, 2009,
http://suprememastertv.com/pe/?wr_id=87&page=4&page=4#v
以及L.R. Kump, A. Pavlov and M. A. Arthur, “Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia＂. Geology 33 (2005), 397–400.
69. 科學家發現，生產肉、蛋與乳製品的畜牧業，其氧化亞氮排放量，佔全球人為排放總量的65%。 Steinfeld et al., Livestock’s Long Shadow, p. 114 (2006).
70. 針對此議題已有許多研究，尤以巴西里約熱內盧州立大學海托爾．伊凡傑利斯塔（Heitor Evangelista）教授及其同儕，加州大學柏克萊分校馬克．傑克森（Mark Jackson）教授的研究，以及綠色和平組織與地球之友的研究為代表。記者 Lauren Morello的報導，“Cutting Soot Emissions May Slow Climate Change in the Arctic,＂ Scientific American, August 2, 2010.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cutting-soot-emissions-may-
slow-climate-change-in-the-arctic 及Randy Boswell的報導, “Soot Is Second Leading Cause of Climate Change: Study,＂ Ottawa Citizen, August 1, 2010. http://www.ottawacitizen.com/technology/Soot+second+leading+cause+climate+
change+study/3349011/story.html?cid=megadrop_story#ixzz0vekfEf8s.
71. 請見無上師電視台2008年7月1日專訪美國加州大學柏克萊分校「全球環境健康」教授寇克．史密斯博士（Kirk Smith）。
http://www.suprememastertv.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=sos_video&wr_id=21.
72. Monica Bruckner, “The Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone,＂
http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/deadzone.
73. SIWI and IWMI, “Saving Water from Field to Fork.＂ 亦見 Natural Resources Defense Council, “Facts about Pollution from Livestock Farms,＂ http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/ffarms.asp.
74. 同註32。
75. 南非開普敦大學巴貢（Bakun）博士與其同儕史卡拉‧魏克斯（Scarla Weeks） 博士，發現非洲西南沿海沙丁魚的濫捕，可能是造成大西洋海床兩種毒氣──硫化氫和甲烷噴發的其中一個原因。硫化氫有如腐蛋般的惡臭，早已長期困擾納米比亞當地的居民，也毒害魚群並造成缺氧的死亡海域。
參見Andrew Bakun and Scarla J. Weeks, “Greenhouse gas buildup, sardines, submarine eruptions and the possibility of abrupt degradation of intense marine upwelling ecosystems” Ecology Letters (2004) vol.7, issue 11, 1015–1023
http://woldlab.caltech.edu/~tristan/silence/bakun_2004_eco_letters.pdf.
76. Thomas Lane, “UN Official Warns on Fisheries Losses.＂ BBC News, May 21, 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10128900.
77. 美國康乃爾大學生態學家與退休名譽教授大衛‧畢曼托(David Pimentel)警告，由於87%的淨水皆用在畜牧業生產，美國很快將成為缺水的國家。Pimentel, “U.S. could feed 800-million people with grain that livestock eat, Cornell ecologist advises animal scientists,＂ Cornell Science News, August 7, 1997,
http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/aug97/livestock.hrs.html.
78. 例如 Anne Minard, “No More Glaciers in Glacier National Park by 2020?＂ National Geographic News, March 2, 2009,
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090302-glaciersmelting.html.
較學術性的報告：R. D. Moore et al., “Glacier change in western North America: influences on hydrology, geomorphic hazards and water quality,＂Hydrological Process 23(2009), 42–61. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7162. http://www.glaciers.pdx.edu/fountain/MyPapers/MooreEtAl2009_GlacierChangeWaterRunoff.pdf.
79. 此議題的權威之作是Marcia Kreith, Water Inputs in California Food Production, prepared for the Water Education Foundation, Sacramento, CA. 1991. http://www.sakia.org/cms/fileadmin/content/irrig/general/kreith_1991_water_inputs_
in_ca_food_production-excerpt.pdf.
80. Marlow Vesterby and Kenneth S. Krupa, Major Uses of Land in the United States, 1997. Statistical Bulletin No. (SB973) September 2001
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/sb973/sb973.pdf.
81. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), “Ten Years on: UN marks World Day to Combat Desertification,＂ June 17, 2004, http://www.unccd.int/publicinfo/pressrel/showpressrel.php?pr=press01_06_04.
82. Yacov Tsur et al., Pricing Irrigation Water: Principles and Cases from Developing Countries, 220.
83. Juliet Gellatley and Tony Hardle, The Silent Ark: A Chilling Exposé of Meat. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd., 1996.
84. Harvey Blatt, America’s Food: What You don’t Know about What You Eat. Boston: MIT Press, 2008, p.136.
85. 2008年8月無上師電視台的「全球暖化的科學解決之道」節目
http://www.suprememastertv.com/es/bbs/board.php?bo_table=sos_video_es&wr_id=16.
86. 聯合國跨政府氣候變遷小組(IPCC)的科學家表示，清墾森林所排放的溫室氣體佔全球總排放量的17.4%至1/3。 IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, Synthetic Report, Section 2, p.36 and Working Group Report, section 7, p.527.
87. John Robbins, Diet for a New America, How Your Food Choices
Affect Your Health, Happiness and the Future of Life on Earth. Tiburon: H. J. Kramer, 1987, 摘錄自 http://whitt.ca/soapbox/vegetarian.html.
88. Julie Denslow and Christine Padoch, People of the Tropical Rainforest. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988, 169.
89. The Greenpeace UK,“The Congo Rainforest of Central Africa,＂
http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/forests/congo
90. 美國羅岱爾研究中心（Rodale Institute）的研究報告：「雖然二氧化碳的存留會受氣候和土壤形態影響，大量的研究結果證實，如果全世界35億畝的可耕地都轉作有機農耕的話，將可吸收全球40％的碳排量。」
See Timothy LaSalle and Paul Hepperly, “Regenerative Organic Farming: A Solution to Global Warming” (2008).
http://www.rodaleinstitute.org/files/Rodale_Research_Paper-07_30_08.pdf.
91. 美國芝加哥大學地球物理科學教授大衛．亞契（Dr. David Archer）接受無上師電視台的「全球暖化的科學解決之道」節目訪問時提到：「顯然，為了肉食而種植穀物餵食動物，會損失源自穀物90%的能量，因此，現有的農產量能夠供給的人口數較少，這樣的型態還需要更多的化石能源才能維持。」http://suprememastertv.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=sos_video&wr_id=16. 拯救地球國際組織也彙整出，生產肉食的高昂成本。例如，生產1磅的牛肉漢堡，需耗費下列資源的總和：(1) 12磅穀物（可製作8條麵包或24盤義大利麵）；(2)55平方英呎的雨林 (尤其在生產1磅雨林牛肉的過程中，約有600磅珍貴的生物體被催毀，包含20至30種植物，超過100種的昆蟲和數十種的鳥類，哺乳類和爬蟲類); (3) 2,500加侖的水（可以生產超過50磅的水果和蔬菜）。Earth Save International, “The Hamburger Poster.＂
http://www.earthsave.org/support/hamburgerSMALL.jpg.
92. 同註87，第367頁。
93. 根據國際自然及自然資源保育聯盟的研究，全世界30%的哺乳類、鳥類和兩棲類正因為人類活動而瀕臨絕種危機，The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Report, 2005, http://maweb.org/en/Reports.aspx. 逾一百萬種生物會在未來的50年內消失。此外，國際自然及自然資源保育聯盟所監控的45,000種生物之中，40%在2008年時即已瀕臨絕種。 “IUCN Red List reveals world’s mammals in crisis,＂ IUCN News release, October 6, 2008.
94. 美國會計總局早已證實牲畜產生的排泄物比人類多出130倍，豬產生的排泄物約為人類的3倍，牛隻約為人類的21倍， Animal Agriculture Waste Management Practice, 1999,
http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/rc99205.pdf
95. F. Ackerman and E. A. Stanton, Climate Change – the Costs of Inaction: Report to Friends of the Earth England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2006, http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/econ_costs_cc.pdf.
以及F. Ackerman, Climate Change: The Costs of Inaction: Testimony presented to: United States Congress House Committee on Energy and Commerce, 2009.
http://www.e3network.org/opeds/Ackerman_testimony_April22.pdf
96. B. Barrett and A. Lim, “Japan to suffer huge climate costs.＂ Our World 2.0 (United Nations University), June 30, 2009.
http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/japan-examines-costs-of-climate-change/.
97. 同註14，Elke Stehfest et al., “Climate benefits of changing diet.＂ The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. 2009. http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/2009/Climate-benefits-of-changing-diet.html
98. “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2010 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association,” Circulation 2010; 121; e46-e215 p. e206. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/121/7/e46.
99. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study, “Diabetes: Success and Opportunities for Population-Based Prevention and Control: At a Glance 2010＂ http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/ddt.htm.
以及 F.G. Jansman et al., “Cost considerations in the treatment of colorectal cancer,＂ PharmacoEconomics 25, 537-562 (2007). 線上摘要請參見http://ideas.repec.org/a/wkh/phecon/v25y2007i7p537-562.html.
100. 這些段落摘錄自清海無上師於2009年7月7日接受記者班恩．墨南（Ben Murnane）的訪談內容，此次訪談已於2009年7月12日刊登於愛爾蘭週日獨立報（Irish Sunday Independent），標題名為「緊急呼籲拯救地球」。訪談影片請見http://www.suprememastertv.com/wow/?wr_id=365&page=9&page=9#v.
101. Foodwatch,“Organic: A Climate Saviour? The Foodwatch report on the greenhouse effect of conventional and organic farming in Germany.” May 2009. http://foodwatch.de/foodwatch/content/e6380/e24459/e24474/foodwatch_report_
on_the_greenhouse_effect_of_farming_05_2009_ger.pdf
102. 同上註。
103. Gowri Koneswaran and Danielle Nierenberg, “Global Farm Animal Production and Global Warming: Impacting and Mitigating Climate Change＂ (discussion section), Environmental Health Perspectives 116 (2008), 578–582,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2367646
104. William Lambers, “25,000 die of hunger each day,＂ History News Network (George Mason University), October 7, 2007,
http://hnn.us/articles/27396.html.
第四章
105. 2008年1月清海無上師與美國洛杉磯視訊會議時，回答關於她希望給世界領袖們的訊息。此段落為她回答的部份內容。
106. 至2010年9月為止，全球禁菸國家數量已達94國。
107. Worldwatch Institute, “Matters of Scale -The Price of Beef,＂ World Watch Magazine, Jul/Aug 1994.
http://www.worldwatch.org/node/791
108. 近年來，即使在農場獲利創新高的情況下，美國撥給農場的補貼金仍居高不下，政府每年直接補貼農夫約200至250億美元。根據2006年美國農業部年度財政預算，畜牧用穀物補貼就佔超過35%。在2003至2004年間，美國每年在畜牧用玉米及黃豆上花費36億美元，補貼造成畜牧用穀物價格低於成本的情況。
Institute of Agriculture and Trade Policy, Trade and Global Governance Program, “Below-Cost Feed Crops: An Indirect Subsidy for Industrial Animal Factories,＂ June 2006,
http://www.worc.org/userfiles/IATP%20cheap%20grain.pdf.
109. Gail A. Eisnitz 在Slaughterhouse: The Shocking Story of Greed, Neglect and Inhumane Treatment Inside the U.S. Meat Industry, (Human Farming Association, 2006) 一書中指出，一個漢堡可能含有超過100隻牛的肉，而一隻受感染的牛可汙染高達16噸牛肉。
110. AlterNet.org Editors, “The Seven Deadly Myths of Industrial Agriculture: Myth Three,” September 5, 2002,
http://www.alternet.org/story/13904
111. 時至2008年，已有11家有機農場在當地運作，Helen Kilbey, “South Africa, Cape Town Goes Organic＂, AllAfrica.com, January
14, 2008, http://www.regoverningmarkets.org/en/news/southern_africa/south_africa_cape_
town_goes_organic.html.
以及“From the Ground Up: Organic Gardening Fuels a Food Revolution＂, AllAfrica.com, January 9, 2008,
http://allafrica.com/specials/organic_food_sa
112. 進口自坦尚尼亞的一種新型肥料，已幫助肯亞的農夫降低土壤酸化問題，並將玉米的每公頃產量提高30%。烏干達，由於韓國答應在當地興建一座有機肥料工廠，農產量預期可以提升。
Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Kenya, “Farmers to Reap Maximum Benefits from Organic Fertilizer,＂
http://www.kilimo.go.ke/index.php?option=comcontent&view=article&catid=149%3Anews&id=266%3Afarmers-to-reap-maximumbenefits-from-organic-fertilizer&Itemid=46
113. 「有機食品長期以來被認為是個利基市場，同時也是給富有消費者的奢侈品，然而丹麥的研究人員發現，在2020年之前，即使歐洲及北美食物出口區內50%的農地改為有機耕作，對於撒哈拉以南的非洲地區的食物供給，亦是安全無虞。」 “Researchers: Organic Push won´t hurt world food supply＂, USA Today, May 5, 2007。
ftp://ftp.fao.org/paia/organicag/OFS/press4.pdf.
114. 根據國際有機運動聯盟表示，目前全球有機食品及飲品約有500億美金的市場。而且從2000至2007年，每年成長10%至20%，這個次區塊為開發中國家製造了一個獨特的出口機會，因為97%的營收來自經濟合作開發組織的成員國，而其中80%的生產國是非洲、亞洲和拉丁美洲的開發中國家，UNEP, “Organic Agriculture in Uganda,＂ http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/SuccessStories/OrganicAgricultureinUganda/
tabid/4655/language/en-US/Default.aspx.
以及UNEP, “Environment-Led Green Revolution Key to Future Food Security in Africa,＂ Press Release, May 14, 2009,
http://www.grida.no/news/press/3680.aspx
115. Ivette Perfecto et al., “Organic Agriculture and the Global Food Supply,＂ Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, 86–108 (2007). http://agr.wa.gov/Foodanimal/Organic/Certificate/2008/NewsRelease/BadgleyResearchPaper.pdf.
116. “Organic farms best for wildlife,＂ BBC News. August 3, 2005.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4740609.stm
117. Al Meyerhoff, “The loss of billions of bees raises questions about our pesticide controls,＂ Los Angeles Times, July 30, 2008,
http://beediary.wordpress.com/tag/ccd
118. Timothy LaSalle, “Organic farming could stop global climate change,＂ The Tree Hugger, October 10, 2010, http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/10/organic-faming-could-stop-global-climate-change.php
119. C. Benbrook, “Simplifying the Pesticide Risk Equation: The Organic Option,＂State of Science Review of the Organic Center, March 8, 2008,
http://www.organic-center.org/reportfiles/Organic_Option_Final_Ex_Summary.pdf.
120. FAO, Organic Agriculture and Food Security (2007). ftp://ftp.fao.org/paia/organicag/ofs/OFS-2007-5.pdf.
121. 參見註14。此處指荷蘭環境評估研究院為荷蘭政府及國際政策制訂建議所做之研究。
122. 聯合國國際農業發展基金會的研究，“The Adoption of Organic Agriculture Among Small Farmers in Latin America and the Caribbean,＂ April 2003, Report No. 1337.
http://www.ifad.org/evaluation/public_html/eksyst/doc/thematic/pl/organic.htm
123. 同註14。
124. John Robbins, “The Pig Farmer＂, April 2010, 請至 http://www.johnrobbins.info/blog/the-pig-farmer，亦可見John Robbins, The Food Revolution: How Your Diet Can Help Save Your Life and Our World.
125. European Parliament, “2050, The Future begins today–Recommendations for the EU`s future integrated policy on climate change.＂ April 2, 2009,
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/file.jsp?id=5626312
126. Jens Holms, “The EU Parliament calls meat a Climate Threat,＂ February 4, 2009.
http://jensholm.se/2009/02/04/the-eu-parliament-calls-meat-a-climate-threat
127. Chris Mason, “Belgian city plans ‘veggie’ days,＂ BBC News, May 12, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8046970.stm
128. Candra Malik, “Prince Charles Gives $2.8b to Preserve Rain Forest,＂July 30, 2009. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/prince-charles-gives-28b-to-preserve-rain-forests/321249.
129. “Who´s Up for a Low Carb Diet?＂ Sustainable Development Commission (Northern Ireland), June 18, 2009, http://www.sdcommission.org.uk/news.php/246/ireland/whos-up-for-a-low-carb-diet
130. 同上註。
131. 參見農業及鄉村發展部鄉村管理處於2008年8月出版的《優良農業操作規章》，文中提供優良管理辦法，來避免水汙染、空氣汙染和土壤汙染。http://www.dardni.gov.uk/code_of_good_agricultural_practice_cogap_august_2008.pdf.
132. Hawaii State Legislature, “Requesting the Board of Education to Develop a Policy to Include Vegetarian and Vegan Meal Options in All School Menu Plans,” Report HCR59 HD1, offered on November 2, 2009.
http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2009/Bills/HCR59_HD1_.HTM.
133. City of Cincinnati, Climate Protection Action Plan-the Green Cincinnati Plan 35, July 19, 2008, 209-211,
http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/cmgr/downloads/cmgr_pdf18280.pdf.
134. Jennifer Duck, “Bringing Home the Bacon, Vegan Style,＂ ABC News, May 4, 2007,
http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=3139687&page=1, 亦
“Dennis Kucinich Celebrates Vegan Earth Day With A Special VEGGIE Message＂, http://vegdaily.com/2009/07/dennis-kucinich-celebrates-vegan-earth-day-with-a-special-veggie-message/.
135. Jason Tomassini, “Senator goes vegetarian for week,＂ Gazette.Net, April 29, 2009,
http://www.gazette.net/stories/04292009/takonew183650_32520.shtml.
亦見Kailey Harless, “Raskin’s Revolution,＂VegNews.com, May 4, 2007,
www.vegnews.com/web/articles/page.do?pageId=688&catId=1.
136. Meatless Monday,“Baltimore Schools Go Meatless,＂
http://www.meatlessmonday.com/baltimore-schools/
137. The San Francisco Vegetarian Society, “San Francisco is First U.S. City to Declare Mondays as｀Veg Day,´＂ April 7, 2010.
http://www.vegsource.com/news/2010/04/san-francisco-is-first-us-city-to-declare-mondays-as-veg-day.html.
138. 參閱臺灣環境資訊協會-環境資訊中心，「百萬人連署吃素抗暖化」
http://e-info.org.tw/node/33565.
第五章
139. 統計數字出自國民參與志願服務現況調查 (NSGVP)，共計訪問2,389位年齡介於15至24歲的加拿大人，Susan Pedwell, “I want to make a difference,＂ Canadian Living, http://www.canadianliving.com/
life/community/i_want_to_make_a_difference.php.
140. 「看守世界研究中心」的研究指出，畜牧業的溫室氣體排放量占全球總排放量的51%。註3。
141. 註90，第1頁。
142. The Iowa Pork Producers Association, “USDA to buy more pork,＂ November 11, 2009,
http://www.iowapork.org/Newsroom/NewsForProducers/USDAporkbuy/tabid/1504/Default.aspx. 亦見The National Pork Producers Council (NPPC)’s Capital Pork Report (November 2009),
http://nppc.org/uploadedfiles/cprNOV-6.pdf.
143. 同註129。
144. 請至無上師電視台網站（SupremeMasterTV.com.）參考更多力行環保之道。
145. 例如無上師電視台紀錄片「悠樂（越南）旱作農耕」，可免費在線上觀賞
http://www.suprememastertv.com/bbs/tb.php/pe/79
“Growing Fruits and Vegetables in Sand - One Story From Âu Lac (Vietnam),＂ http://www.suprememastertv.com/bbs/tb.php/pe/72.
146. http://suprememastertv.com/sos-flyer/
147. 截至2011年1月底，創立於2008年3月7日的愛家純素連鎖餐飲已在全世界開設221家分店。
